( 7) in the late 1970s, represent a substantial improvement over test-weighing, which is difficult to apply in field conditions and unsuitable for large group studies. These techniques, pioneered by Coward et al. The introduction of isotope tracer methods to measure HM intakes was an important advance in the area. Several methods for measuring HM intake in breast-fed infants have been applied, in particular infant or maternal test-weighing and maternal HM expression however, both of these approaches risk generating data that do not reflect habitual infant intakes due to their interference with physiological or behavioral aspects of lactation. Precise and accurate measurements of HM intake are difficult to obtain, because, unlike most food sources, the quantity ingested is not directly observable ( 4– 6). In the absence of such data, it is difficult to ascertain whether infants are receiving HM and associated nutrients in line with WHO recommendations. Although 6 mo of age is now recommended as the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), few data are available to allow assessment of HM consumption and its variability within and between settings (4). However, there is uncertainty about the energy content of HM that is available for metabolic use by the infant and there is also uncertainty about the amount of HM breast-fed infants consume. For breast-fed infants to meet this recommendation, a certain amount of human milk (HM) 9 intake of a particular energy density is required. ![]() Requirements for energy intake have also recently been modified where the 1985 WHO/FAO/UNU ( 2) requirements were based on measurements of energy intake, the new 2004 WHO/FAO/UNU ( 3) requirements are based on measurements of total energy expenditure with an added value for growth. These curves provide a normative reference for the growth of infants around the world. A new set of growth curves has recently been introduced by the WHO based on a large multicenter study ( 1). Infant growth has been of major interest to health workers, researchers, and policy makers for several decades. These objective isotope values of HM intake improve our understanding of the magnitude and variability of HM intake within and across populations and help to estimate nutrient intakes in breast-fed infants. ![]() HM intake was strongly, inversely associated with non-HM water intake. Boys consumed 0.05 kg/d more than girls ( P < 0.01). The variability of intake increased in late infancy. ![]() The overall mean HM intake was 0.78 (95% CI = 0.72, 0.84) kg/d, and the age-specific estimates indicated that intake increased over the first 3–4 mo and remained above 0.80 kg/d until 6–7 mo. A hierarchical model was needed to estimate mean HM intake and its variance within and between countries given the complexity of the data. A pooled analysis of 1115 data points of HM intake, obtained using the dose to the mother deuterium oxide turnover method, was undertaken in infants aged 0–24 mo from 12 countries across 5 continents. Stable isotope methods have been developed to provide objective measurements over a 14-d period. However, objective HM data from around the world have not been available, because these measurements are difficult to obtain. Data on human milk (HM) intake are needed to estimate the energy intake from this food source. Recommendations for energy intake have been adopted based on measurements of total energy expenditure. The WHO has developed new growth curves based on breast-fed infants.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |